杠將旋轉運動轉化為直線運動。按照絲杠的摩擦特性，可分為梯形絲杠、滾珠 絲杠、行星滾柱絲杠。（1）梯形絲杠：也稱滑動絲杠，牙型多為梯形，螺母和絲杠軸直接接觸，運動 時產生滑動摩擦力。（2）滾珠絲杠：在絲杠與螺母旋之間放置適量滾珠作為中間傳動體，運動時產 生滾動摩擦力。（3）行星滾柱絲杠：在主螺紋絲杠的周圍，按行星式布置 6-12 個螺紋滾柱，基 本結構與滾珠絲杠相似，區別在于載荷傳遞元件為螺紋滾柱，而非滾珠。滾柱和 絲杠之間是線接觸，接觸面大大增加，因此具有高剛性、高承載能力，比同規格 滾珠絲杠副高出 3 倍以上（超過 10 倍）。

The bar converts rotational motion into linear motion. According to the friction characteristics of the screw, it can be divided into trapezoidal screw, ball screw, and planetary roller screw. (1) Trapezoidal screw: also known as sliding screw, the tooth shape is mostly trapezoidal, and the nut and screw shaft are in direct contact, generating sliding friction during movement. (2) Ball screw: Place an appropriate amount of ball between the screw and the nut as the intermediate transmission body, which generates rolling friction during movement. (3) Planetary roller screw: Around the main threaded screw, 6-12 threaded rollers are arranged in a planetary pattern, with a basic structure similar to ball screws, except that the load transfer element is a threaded roller rather than a ball. The contact between the roller and the screw is linear, greatly increasing the contact surface, thus having high rigidity and high load-bearing capacity, which is more than 3 times higher than that of ball screw pairs of the same specification (up to 10 times higher).

滾珠絲杠因傳動效率高、壽命長，是目前主流的絲杠產品。梯形絲杠的摩擦阻力 大，傳動效率一般低于 40%，磨損快、使用壽命短，不能滿足現代機械傳動在高 速度、率、高精度等方面的要求。滾珠絲杠磨損小，傳動效率能達到 90% 以上，使用壽命更長，是主流的絲杠產品。行星滾柱絲杠雖然性能高，但制造難 度大、成本高，目前商業化應用較少，主要用于重載和高可靠性要求的場合，如 航空母艦、核潛艇、核電站、重型軍事裝備、冶金設備及重型數控機床等。

Ball screw is currently the mainstream screw product due to its high transmission efficiency and long service life. The trapezoidal screw has high friction resistance, transmission efficiency is generally less than 40%, fast wear, short service life, and cannot meet the requirements of modern mechanical transmission in terms of high speed, high efficiency, and high precision. Ball screw has low wear, transmission efficiency can reach over 90%, and longer service life, making it a mainstream screw product. Although planetary roller screws have high performance, they are difficult to manufacture and costly. Currently, they are less commercialized and mainly used in heavy-duty and high reliability applications, such as aircraft carriers, nuclear submarines, nuclear power plants, heavy military equipment, metallurgical equipment, and heavy-duty CNC machine tools.

滾珠絲杠副主要由絲杠軸、螺母和滾珠組成。絲杠軸是有螺紋滾道的圓柱軸；螺 母由螺母體、滾珠循環裝置等部件構成，其中滾珠循環裝置是一條或多條連續的 封閉通道，作用是實現滾珠的循環。滾珠包括承受載荷的負荷滾珠和不承受載荷 的間隔滾珠，間隔滾珠主要起間隔作用，直徑比負荷滾珠小。

The ball screw pair mainly consists of a screw shaft, a nut, and a ball. The screw shaft is a cylindrical shaft with a threaded raceway; The nut is composed of a nut body, a ball circulation device, and other components, among which the ball circulation device is one or more continuous closed channels, which are used to achieve the circulation of the ball. Ball bearings include load bearing ball bearings and non load bearing spacer ball bearings, with spacer ball bearings mainly serving as spacers and having a smaller diameter than load bearing ball bearings.

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